Cast iron usually refers to grey iron Gray iron, or grey iron, is an cast iron alloy that has a graphitic microstructure. Its named after the gray color of the fracture it forms, which is due to the presence of graphite. It is the most common cast iron and the most widely used cast material base on weight, but also identifies a large group of ferrous Ferrous, in chemical science, indicates a bivalent iron compound , as opposed to ferric, which indicates a trivalent iron compound (+3 oxidation state) alloys An alloy is a partial or complete solid solution of one or more elements in a metallic matrix. Complete solid solution alloys give single solid phase microstructure, while partial solutions give two or more phases that may be homogeneous in distribution depending on thermal history. Alloys usually have different properties from those of the, which solidify with a eutectic A eutectic system is a mixture that has a single chemical composition that solidifies at a lower temperature than any other composition. This composition is known as the eutectic composition and the temperature is known as the eutectic temperature. On a phase diagram the intersection of the eutectic temperature and the eutectic composition gives. The colour of a fractured surface can be used to identify an alloy. White cast iron is named after its white surface when fractured, due to its carbide In chemistry, a carbide is a compound composed of carbon and a less electronegative element. Carbides can be generally classified by chemical bonding type as follows: salt-like, (ii) covalent compounds, (iii) interstitial compounds, and (iv) "intermediate" transition metal carbides. Examples include calcium carbide, silicon carbide, impurities which allow cracks to pass straight through. Grey cast iron is named after its grey fractured surface, which occurs because the graphitic flakes deflect a passing crack and initiate countless new cracks as the material breaks.
Iron Iron is a metallic chemical element with the symbol Fe (Latin: ferrum) and atomic number 26. Iron is a group 8 and period 4 element and is therefore classified as a transition metal. Iron and iron alloys (steels) are by far the most common metals and the most common ferromagnetic materials in everyday use. Fresh iron surfaces are lustrous and (Fe) accounts for more than 95% by weight (wt% In chemistry, concentration is the measure of how much of a given substance there is mixed with another substance. This can apply to any sort of chemical mixture, but most frequently the concept is limited to homogeneous solutions, where it refers to the amount of solute in the solvent) of the alloy material, while the main alloying elements are carbon Carbon is the chemical element with symbol C and atomic number 6. As a member of group 14 on the periodic table, it is nonmetallic and tetravalent—making four electrons available to form covalent chemical bonds. There are three naturally occurring isotopes, with 12C and 13C being stable, while 14C is radioactive, decaying with a half-life of (C) and silicon Silicon is the most common metalloid. It is a chemical element, which has the symbol Si and atomic number 14. A tetravalent metalloid, silicon is less reactive than its chemical analog carbon. As the eighth most common element in the universe by mass, silicon very rarely occurs as the pure free element in nature, but is more widely distributed in (Si). The amount of carbon in cast irons is 2.1 to 4 wt%. Cast irons contain appreciable amounts of silicon, normally 1 to 3 wt%, and consequently these alloys should be considered ternary Fe-C-Si alloys. Despite this, the principles of cast iron solidification are understood from the binary A binary compound is a chemical compound that contains exactly two different elements. Examples are NaCl , NaF (sodium fluoride), and MgO (magnesium oxide) iron-carbon phase diagram, where the eutectic point A eutectic system is a mixture of chemical compounds or elements that has a single chemical composition that solidifies at a lower temperature than any other composition. This composition is known as the eutectic composition and the temperature is known as the eutectic temperature. On a phase diagram the intersection of the eutectic temperature lies at 1,154 °C (2,109 °F) and 4.3 wt% carbon. Since cast iron has nearly this composition, its melting temperature of 1,150 to 1,200 °C (2,102 to 2,192 °F) is about 300 °C (572 °F) lower than the melting point of pure iron.
Cast iron tends to be brittle A material is brittle if it is liable to fracture when subjected to stress. That is, it has little tendency to deform before fracture. This fracture absorbs relatively little energy, even in materials of high strength, and usually makes a snapping sound, except for malleable cast irons Malleable iron is cast as White iron, the structure being a metastable carbide in a pearlitic matrix. Through an annealing heat treatment the brittle as cast structure is transformed. Carbon agglomerates into small roughly speherical aggregates of graphite leaving a matric of ferrite or pearlite according to the exact heat treat used. Three basic. With its low melting point, good fluidity, castability Castability is the ease of forming a casting. Castability can be thought of as how easy is it to cast a quality part. A very castable part design is easily developed, incurs minimal tooling costs, requires minimal energy, and has few rejections, excellent machinability, resistance to deformation, and wear resistance, cast irons have become an engineering material with a wide range of applications, including pipes, machine and automotive industry The automotive industry designs, develops, manufactures, markets, and sells the world's motor vehicles. In 2008, more than 70 million motor vehicles, including cars and commercial vehicles were produced worldwide parts, such as cylinder heads In an internal combustion engine, the cylinder head sits above the cylinders on top of the cylinder block. It consists of a platform containing part of the combustion chamber (usually, though not always), and the location of the poppet valves and spark plugs. In a flathead engine, the mechanical parts of the valve train are all contained within (declining usage), cylinder blocks The cylinder block or engine block is a machined casting containing cylindrically bored holes for the pistons of a multi-cylinder reciprocating internal combustion engine, or for a similarly constructed device such as a pump. It is a complex part at the heart of an engine, with adaptions to attach the cylinder head, crankcase, engine mounts, drive, and gearbox A transmission or gearbox provides speed and torque conversions from a rotating power source to another device using gear ratios. The most common use is in motor vehicles, where the transmission adapts the output of the internal combustion engine to the drive wheels. Such engines need to operate at a relatively high rotational speed, which is cases (declining usage). It is resistant to destruction and weakening by oxidisation (rust).
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The engines also have aluminum heads, with four-valves per cylinder and strong, spheroidal-graphite cast - iron crankshafts and steel connecting rods. ...
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