The Order of Cistercians (O.Cist. Latin Latin is an Italic language originally spoken in Latium and Ancient Rome. With the Roman conquest, Latin was spread to countries around the Mediterranean, including a large part of Europe. Romance languages such as Aragonese, Corsican, Catalan, French, Italian, Portuguese, Romanian, Sardinian, Spanish and others, are descended from Latin, while: Ordo Cisterciensis or, alternately, O.C.S.O. for the Trappists [Order of Cistercians of the Strict Observance]) is a Catholic religious order Religious orders are the major form of consecrated life in the Catholic Church. They are organizations of laity and/or clergy who live a common life following a religious rule under the leadership of a religious superior. Two of these are enclosed monastic orders, others are not of enclosed Enclosed religious orders of the Christian church have solemn vows with a strict separation from the affairs of the external world. The term cloistered is synonymous with enclosed. The "enclosure" is regulated by Catholic church law, and prevents members from going out of the religious house, and also prevents strangers from entering the monks A monk is a person who practices religious asceticism, living either alone or with any number of monks, whilst always maintaining some degree of physical separation from those not sharing the same purpose. The concept is ancient and can be seen in many religions and in philosophy and nuns A nun is a woman who has taken vows committing her to a spiritual life. She may be an ascetic who voluntarily chooses to leave mainstream society and live her life in prayer and contemplation in a monastery or convent. The term "nun" is applicable to Catholics – both eastern and western traditions – Orthodox Christians, Anglicans,. They are sometimes also called the White Monks, in reference to the colour of the habit A religious habit is a distinctive set of garments worn by members of a religious order. Traditionally some plain garb recognisable as a religious habit has also been worn by those leading the religious eremitic and anachoritic life, although in their case without conformity to a particular uniform style, over which a black scapular The term scapular as used today refers to two specific, yet related, Christian Sacramentals, namely the monastic and devotional scapulars, although both forms may simply be referred to as "scapular" or apron is sometimes worn. The emphasis of Cistercian life is on manual labour and self-sufficiency, and many abbeys have traditionally supported themselves through activities such as agriculture and brewing ales Ale is a type of beer brewed from malted barley using a warm fermentation with a strain of brewers' yeast. The yeast will ferment the beer quickly, giving it a sweet, full bodied and fruity taste. Most ales contain hops, which impart a bitter herbal flavour that helps to balance the sweetness of the malt and preserve the beer.
The term Cistercian (French Cistercien), derives from Cistercium,[1] the Latin name for the village of Cîteaux, near Dijon in eastern France. It was in this village that a group of Benedictine monks from the monastery of Molesme Molesme is a commune in the Côte-d'Or department in eastern France founded Cîteaux Abbey Cîteaux Abbey is a Roman Catholic abbey located in Saint-Nicolas-lès-Cîteaux, south of Dijon, France. Today it belongs to the Trappists, or Cistercians of the Strict Observance (OCSO). The Cistercian order takes its name from this mother house of Cîteaux, earlier Cisteaux, near Nuits-Saint-Georges. The abbey has about 35 members in 1098, with the goal of following more closely the Rule of Saint Benedict The Rule of Saint Benedict is a book of precepts written by St. Benedict of Nursia for monks living communally under the authority of an abbot. Since about the 7th century it has also been adopted by communities of women. During the 1500 years of its existence, it has become the leading guide in Western Christianity for monastic living in. The best known of them were Robert of Molesme Saint Robert of Molesme was a Christian saint and abbot, one of the founders of the Cistercian Order in France, Alberic of Citeaux Saint Alberic of Citeaux , also known as Alberic of Aubrey, was a Christian saint and abbot, one of the founders of the Cistercian Order and the English monk Stephen Harding Saint Stephen Harding Spanish: San Esteban Harding, French: Saint Étienne Harding, Hungarian: Harding Szent István, Slovene: Sveti Štefan Harding, Prekmurian: Svéti Števan Harding , is a Christian saint and monastic abbot, one of the founders of the Cistercian Order, who were the first three abbots. Bernard of Clairvaux Bernard of Clairvaux, O.Cist was a Frankish abbot and the primary builder of the reforming Cistercian monastic order. After the death of his mother, Bernard sought admission into the Cistercian order. Three years later, he was sent to found a new abbey at an isolated clearing in a glen known as the Val d'Absinthe, about 15 km southeast of Bar-sur- entered the monastery in the early 1110s with 30 companions and helped the rapid proliferation of the order. By the end of the 12 century, the order had spread throughout France and into England, Wales, Scotland, Ireland, Spain, Portugal, Italy, and Eastern Europe.
The keynote of Cistercian life was a return to literal observance of the Rule of St Benedict The Rule of Saint Benedict is a book of precepts written by St. Benedict of Nursia for monks living communally under the authority of an abbot. Since about the 7th century it has also been adopted by communities of women. During the 1500 years of its existence, it has become the leading guide in Western Christianity for monastic living in. Rejecting the developments the Benedictines Benedictine refers to the spirituality and consecrated life in accordance with the Rule of St Benedict, written by Benedict of Nursia in the sixth century for the cenobitic communities he founded in central Italy. The most notable of these is Monte Cassino, the first monastery founded by Benedict around 529 had undergone, the monks tried to reproduce life exactly as it had been in Saint Benedict's Saint Benedict of Nursia (480 – 547) is a Christian saint, honored by the Roman Catholic Church as the patron saint of Europe and students time; indeed in various points they went beyond it in austerity. The most striking feature in the reform was the return to manual labour, especially field-work, a special characteristic of Cistercian life. Cistercian architecture Cistercian architecture is a style of architecture associated with the churches, monasteries and abbeys of the Roman Catholic Cistercian Order. It was headed by Abbot Bernard of Clairvaux , who believed that churches should avoid superfluous ornamentation so as not to distract from the religious life. Cistercian architecture was simple and is considered one of the most beautiful styles of medieval architecture The Latin cross plan, common in medieval ecclesiastical architecture, takes the Roman basilica as its primary model with subsequent developments. It consists of a nave, transepts, and the altar stands at the east end . Also, cathedrals influenced or commissioned by Justinian employed the Byzantine style of domes and a Greek cross (resembling a[by whom?]. Additionally, in relation to fields such as agriculture, hydraulic engineering and metallurgy Metallurgy is a domain of materials science that studies the physical and chemical behavior of metallic elements, their intermetallic compounds, and their mixtures, which are called alloys. It is also the technology of metals: the way in which science is applied to their practical use. Metallurgy is commonly used in the craft of metalworking, the Cistercians became the main force of technological diffusion in medieval Europe. The Cistercians were badly affected in England by the Protestant Reformation The Protestant Reformation was the European Christian reform movement that established Protestantism as a constituent branch of contemporary Christianity. It began in 1517 when Martin Luther published The Ninety-Five Theses, and concluded in 1648 with the Treaty of Westphalia that ended one hundred and thirty-one years of consecutive European, the Dissolution of the Monasteries The Dissolution of the Monasteries, sometimes referred to as the Suppression of the Monasteries, was the administrative and legal processes between 1536 and 1541 by which Henry VIII disbanded monasteries, priories, convents and friaries in England, Wales and Ireland; appropriated their income, disposed of their assets and provided for their former under King Henry VIII Henry VIII was King of England from 21 April 1509 until his death. He was also Lord of Ireland (later King of Ireland) and claimant to the Kingdom of France. Henry was the second monarch of the House of Tudor, succeeding his father, Henry VII, the French Revolution The French Revolution was a period of radical social and political upheaval in French and European history. The absolute monarchy that had ruled France for centuries collapsed in three years. French society underwent an epic transformation as feudal, aristocratic, and religious privileges evaporated under a sustained assault from liberal political in continental Europe, and the revolutions of the 18th century, but some survived and the order recovered in the 19th century. In 1891 certain abbeys formed a new Order called Trappists The Order of Cistercians of the Strict Observance , or Trappists, are a Roman Catholic religious order of contemplative monks who follow the Rule of St. Benedict (Ordo Cisterciensium Strictioris Observantiae - OCSO), which today exists as an order distinct from the Common Observance.
Contents |
History
Foundation
An illumination of Stephen Harding Saint Stephen Harding Spanish: San Esteban Harding, French: Saint Étienne Harding, Hungarian: Harding Szent István, Slovene: Sveti Štefan Harding, Prekmurian: Svéti Števan Harding , is a Christian saint and monastic abbot, one of the founders of the Cistercian Order (right) presenting a model of his church to the Blessed Virgin Mary As the mother of Jesus Christ, the Blessed Virgin Mary has a central role in the life of the Roman Catholic Church. The Roman Catholic veneration of the Blessed Virgin has grown over time both in importance and manifestation. Popes have encouraged this veneration but from time to time have also taken steps to reform it (Municipal Library, Dijon). Cîteaux, c. 1125. At this period Cistercian illumination was the most advanced in France, but within 25 years it was abandoned altogether under the influence of Bernard of Clairvaux.In 1098, a Benedictine abbot, Robert of Molesme, left his monastery in Burgundy Burgundy is a region historically situated in modern-day France and Switzerland with around twenty supporters, who felt that the Cluniac communities had abandoned the rigours and simplicity of St Benedict's Rule.[2] The abbey church at Cluny, the largest in Europe, had become wealthy from rents, tithes, feudal rights and pilgrims who passed through Cluniac houses on the Way of St. James The Way of St. James or St. James' Way is the pilgrimage to the Cathedral of Santiago de Compostela in Galicia in northwestern Spain, where tradition has it that the remains of the apostle Saint James are buried.[3] The massive endowments, powers and responsibilities of the Cluniac abbots had drawn them into the affairs of the secular world, and their monks had abandoned manual labour to serfs to serve as administrative officials or "choir monks".[3] On March 21, 1098, Robert's small group acquired a plot of marshland just south of Dijon Dijon (French pronunciation: [diʒɔ̃] ) is a city in eastern France, the capital of the Côte-d'Or département and of the Burgundy region. Dijon is the historical capital of the province of Burgundy. Population (2005): 150,800 within the city limits; 236,953 for the greater Dijon area called Cîteaux Cîteaux Abbey is a Roman Catholic abbey located in Saint-Nicolas-lès-Cîteaux, south of Dijon, France. Today it belongs to the Trappists, or Cistercians of the Strict Observance (OCSO). The Cistercian order takes its name from this mother house of Cîteaux, earlier Cisteaux, near Nuits-Saint-Georges. The abbey has about 35 members (Latin: "Cistercium". Cisteaux means reeds in old French), given to them expressly for the purpose of founding their Novum Monasterium.[4]
Robert's followers included the Benedictine monks Alberic Saint Alberic of Citeaux , also known as Alberic of Aubrey, was a Christian saint and abbot, one of the founders of the Cistercian Order, a former hermit from the nearby forest of Colan, and Stephen Harding Saint Stephen Harding Spanish: San Esteban Harding, French: Saint Étienne Harding, Hungarian: Harding Szent István, Slovene: Sveti Štefan Harding, Prekmurian: Svéti Števan Harding , is a Christian saint and monastic abbot, one of the founders of the Cistercian Order, a member of an Anglo-Saxon noble family which had been ruined as a result of the Norman conquest of England The Norman conquest of England began in 1066 with the invasion of the Kingdom of England by the troops of William, Duke of Normandy, and his victory at the Battle of Hastings. This resulted in Norman control of England, which was firmly established during the next few years.[2] During the first year, the monks set about constructing lodging areas and farming the lands of Cîteaux, making use of a nearby chapel for Mass Mass is the Eucharistic celebration in the Latin liturgical rites of the Catholic Church. The term is used also of similar celebrations in Old Catholic Churches, in the Anglo-Catholic tradition of Anglicanism, in Lutheran churches, and in a small number of High Church Methodist parishes. For the celebration of the Eucharist in Eastern Churches,. In Robert's absence from Molesme, however, the abbey had gone into decline, and Pope Urban II Pope Blessed Urban II , born Otho de Lagery (alternatively: Otto, Odo or Eudes), was Pope from 12 March 1088 until his death. He is most known for starting the First Crusade (1095–99) and setting up the modern day Roman Curia, in the manner of a royal court, to help run the Church, a former Cluniac monk, ordered him to return.[5]
The remaining monks of Cîteaux elected Prior Alberic Saint Alberic of Citeaux , also known as Alberic of Aubrey, was a Christian saint and abbot, one of the founders of the Cistercian Order as their abbot, under whose leadership the abbey would find its grounding. Robert had been the idealist of the order, and Alberic was their builder. Upon assuming the role of abbot, Alberic moved the site of the fledgling community near a brook a short distance away from the original site. Alberic discontinued the use of Benedictine black garments in the abbey and clothed the monks in white cowls (undyed wool).[citation needed] He returned the community to the original Benedictine ideal of work and prayer, dedicated to the ideal of charity and self sustenance. Alberic also forged an alliance with the Dukes of Burgundy Duke of Burgundy was a title borne by the rulers of the Duchy of Burgundy, a small portion of traditional lands of Burgundians west of river Saône which in 843 was allotted to Charles the Bald's kingdom of West Franks, working out a deal with Duke Odo Otto of Paris was duke of Burgundy from 956 to his death. Otto was son of Hugh the Great, count of Paris by his wife Hedwige of Saxony, sister of Otto I, Holy Roman Emperor, and was brother of king Hugh I of France the donation of a vineyard (Meursault Meursault is a commune in the Côte-d'Or department in Bourgogne in eastern France) as well as stones with which they built their church. The church was sanctified and dedicated to the Virgin Mary As the mother of Jesus Christ, the Blessed Virgin Mary has a central role in the life of the Roman Catholic Church. The Roman Catholic veneration of the Blessed Virgin has grown over time both in importance and manifestation. Popes have encouraged this veneration but from time to time have also taken steps to reform it on November 16, 1106 by the Bishop of Chalon sur Saône The former French Catholic diocese of Chalon-sur-Saône existed until the French Revolution. After the Concordat of 1801, it was suppressed, and its territory went to the diocese of Autun. Its see was Chalon Cathedral.[6]
On January 26, 1108 Alberic died and was soon succeeded by Stephen Harding, the man responsible for carrying the order into its crucial phase.
Constitution and rule
Fields surrounding the early French Cistercian abbey of Pontigny Pontigny Abbey, founded in 1114 as the second of the four great daughter houses of Cîteaux Abbey, was a Cistercian monastery situated on the River Serein, in the present diocese of Sens and department of Yonne, in Burgundy, FranceThe order was fortunate that Stephen was an abbot of extraordinary gifts, and he framed the original version of the Cistercian "constitution" or rule:[7] the Carta Caritatis (Charter of Charity). Although this was revised on several occasions to meet contemporary needs, from the outset it emphasised a simple life of work, love, prayer and self-denial.[7] Although the Cistercians originally regarded themselves as the "perfect", reformed Benedictines, they distinguished themselves from the monks of Benedictine houses by wearing white habits instead of black.[7] Cistercian abbeys also refused to admit children, allowing adults to choose their religious vocation for themselves – a practice later emulated by many of the older Benedictine houses.[7]
Stephen also acquired farms for the abbey to ensure its survival and ethic, the first of which was Clos Vougeot Clos de Vougeot, also known as Clos Vougeot, is a wall-enclosed vineyard, a clos, in the Burgundy wine region, and an Appellation d'origine contrôlée for red wine from this vineyard. It was named for the River Vouge, which is in fact only a stream separating the village Vougeot from Chambolle-Musigny. At 50.6 hectares (125 acres), Clos de. In terms of receiving grants of land, the order would accept only undeveloped land (or in some cases, they accepted developed land and relocated the serfs Serfdom is the socio-economic status of unfree peasants under feudalism, and specifically relates to Manorialism. It was a condition of bondage or modified slavery which developed primarily during the High Middle Ages in Europe. Serfdom was the enforced labour of serfs on the fields of landowners, in return for protection and the right to work on elsewhere).[7] They developed this land by their own labour, or by that of illiterate peasant lay brothers known as conversi.[8] Stephen handed over the west wing of Cîteaux to a large group of lay brethren to cultivate the farms. These lay brothers were bound by vows of chastity and obedience to their abbot, but were otherwise permitted to follow a less demanding form of Cistercian life.[9] Their incorporation into the order represents a compassionate outreach to the illiterate peasantry, as well as a source of labour on "unmanorialized Manorialism or Seigneurialism, an essential ingredient of feudal society, was the organizing principle of rural economy that originated in the villa system of the Late Roman Empire, was widely practiced in medieval western and parts of central Europe, and was slowly replaced by the advent of a money-based market economy and new forms of agrarian" Cistercian lands.[9]
Polity
The lines of the Cistercian polity were adumbrated by Alberic, but it received its final form in the Carta Caritatis.[10][11] This document arranged the relations between the various houses of the Cistercian order, and exercised a great influence also upon the future course of western monachism. From one point of view, it may be regarded as a compromise between the primitive Benedictine system, in which each abbey was autonomous and isolated, and the complete centralization of Cluny, where the Abbot of Cluny was the only true superior in the body.
On the one hand, Citeaux maintained the independent organic life of the houses: each abbey had its own abbot elected by its own monks, its own community belonging to itself and not to the order in general, and its own property and finances administered without interference from outside. On the other hand, all the abbeys were subjected to the General Chapter, the constitutional body which exercised vigilance over the order.[12] The abbots met annually at the General Chapter in mid-September at Cîteaux Cîteaux Abbey is a Roman Catholic abbey located in Saint-Nicolas-lès-Cîteaux, south of Dijon, France. Today it belongs to the Trappists, or Cistercians of the Strict Observance (OCSO). The Cistercian order takes its name from this mother house of Cîteaux, earlier Cisteaux, near Nuits-Saint-Georges. The abbey has about 35 members.[12] The Cistercian constitution attached particular importance to attendance at this meeting, which was compulsory, and absence without leave was severely punished.[12]
The Abbot of Cîteaux was the president of the chapter.[12] He had a predominant influence and the power of enforcing everywhere exact conformity to Cîteaux in all details of the exterior life observance, chant, and customs. The principle was that Cîteaux should always be the model to which all the other houses had to conform. In case of any divergence of view at the chapter, the side taken by the Abbot of Cîteaux was always to prevail.[13]
Catholic Online
BURGOS, Spain (Zenit.org) - Bishops of Spain are proposing a patron for World Youth Day 2011 -- a young Cistercian to be canonized in October. In an Aug. ...
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A Cistercian Heaven The inscriptions proclaim under Saint Benedict Plantavi and
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Sun, 18 Apr 2010 08:28:00 GM
The church has some beautiful frescoes, one of which is the . Cistercian. family tree, showing the expansion of the Order over the first 200 years. The monks also use a ton of incense every morning at Mass, such that there are some ...
Q. Ap Bio - What about molecules makes a high fever bad for humans and animals? Ap Euro - What was the Cistercian order, and what impact did they have during the medieval times? You can answer one, that's fine and thank you!!
Asked by sista sista - Thu Jul 3 23:04:30 2008 - - 1 Answers - 0 Comments
A. Euro --
Answered by Feisty - Fri Jul 4 00:07:04 2008
